This command is used to display the manual page or help from
a command. Man authoring format, so help us man command
for a walk in the linux terminals.
Example: man man => command will display the manual page
man.
pwd
Stands for Present Working Directory, used to see
the full path of the directory that are currently active.
ls
This command is used to view the contents of a directory. Consumer ls / path,
path can be either absolute or relative address, if used without argument / path
will display the contents of the current directory.
mkdir
True to its name which is short for make directory,
This command is used to create directories. Regular run
write mkdir / path, if the argument / path instead of an absolute address of the
directory will be created relative to the current directory. Example mkdir
/ Home / userkamu / try try directory will result in the user's home directory
userkamu.
CD
Its name is inspired from the change directory, is used to move from one
directory to another directory. The usual argument used is the address of a
directory, either relative or absolute. If used without arguments it will
call $ HOME directory. Example cd / etc/X11 directory will move
active to / etc/X11. There are two arguments for this command is privileged. and .. because
cd. will call the directory itself and cd .. will move to the directory in
it (up one level).
rmdir
His real name is remove directory, is used to delete directories.
But it will only remove empty directories. Like his brother
else it can be used to format rmdir / path.
mv
mv / path / home / path / destination will move a file or directory from path
origin to destination. Can also be used to rename a file, the
requirements / path must be the same.
cp
To copy a file path from origin to destination path execute the cp command
/ Path / home / path / destination. Unlike the mv which will destroy their home, cp
will maintain it so it will be the same two files.
rm
Derived from the word remove, used to delete a file with
command rm / name / file, can also be used to delete directories
is not empty by including the option-rf.
du
Retrieved from disk usage, used to estimate the disk space usage, the data
will be displayed per file. If used without arguments will show
disk space usage in the active directory. Authoring format du / path / target.
Use the-h option to display the results easier to read.
df
Disk free, used to see the capacity of the disk is still empty / free.
Use the-h option if you want the results more pleasing to the eye.
clear
Self titled, used to clean the terminal (screen).
ps
Displays information about the currently active processes / running in the system. There is
many options that can be given to this command, which is the aux that salau
will show the entire process in the system.
top
Almost the same as the top ps will only show information that is always up
to date and are dynamic.
paint
Derived from the word concatenate, used to display the contents of a file
to the standard output (usually the screen). Executed by typing
cat / name / file.
echo
Usually used to display strings / characters on screen, but can
also used to create the file by using output redirection.
The commands above are just some of the commands are very
complex contained in the Linux world. Similarly, explanations, arguments, and options
described just a few of dozens and even hundreds of arguments
and options for each command. The easiest way to get an explanation
of a command is the opening page of the manual.
adduser: Add users to the system
addgroup: Add group to the system
alias: Create an alias
apropos: Search Help manual pages (man-k)
apt-get: Search and install software packages (Debian)
Aspell: Spell Checker
awk: Find and Replace text, database sort / validate / index
basename: Strip directory and suffix from filenames
bash: The GNU Bourne-Again Shell
bc: Arbitrary precision calculator language
bg: Send to background
break: Exit from a loop
builtin: Run a shell builtin
bzip2: Compress or decompress named file (s)
cal: Show calendar
case: conditionally perform a command
cat: Displays the contents of the file
cd: Change directory
cfdisk: Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp: Change the group ownership
chmod: Changing access permissions
chown: Change file owner and group
chroot: Run a command with a different root directory
chkconfig: System services (runlevel)
cksum: Print CRC checksum and byte count
clear: Remove the terminal screen
cmp: Compares two files
comm: Compare two sorted files line by bari
command: Run a command - ignoring shell functions
Continue: Resume the next iteration of a loop
cp: Copy one or more files to another location
cron: Daemon execute scheduled commands
crontab: Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit: Split files into the context - specified pieces
cut: splits files into several sections
date: Displays or change the date & time
dc: Desk Calculator
dd: Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot record
ddrescue: Tools to improve data
declare: Declare variables and give them attributes
df: View disk space
diff: Show differences between two files
diff3: Show differences among three files
dig: DNS lookup
dir: List directory contents short
dircolors: Colour setup for `ls'
dirname: Convert all the pathname to a path
dirs: Show the list of directories to remember
dmesg: Printing kernel messages and driver
du: Estimate file space usage
echo: Show a message on the screen
egrep: Find files for lines that match an extended expression
eject: Eject the removable media
enable: Enable and disable builtin shell commands
env: Environment variables
ethtool: Ethernet card settings
eval: Evaluate several commands / arguments
exec: Running command
exit: Exit from shell
expect: free application that automates accessed through terminal
expand: Convert tabs to spaces
export: Set the environment variable
expr: Evaluation of expressions
false: Do not do anything, does not work
fdformat: Low-level format a floppy disk
fdisk: Partition table manipulator for Linux
fg: Send job to foreground
fgrep: Search files for lines that match a fixed string
File: Specify the type of file
find: Find files that meet a desired criteria
fmt: Reformat text types
fold: Wrap text to fit the specified width.
for: Expand words, and execute commands
format: Format disks or tapes
Download: View the memory usage
fsck: Check and repair file system consistency
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
function: Define macros functions
fuser: Identify / disconnect process is accessing the file
gawk: Find and Replace text in files
getopts: Outlining the parameters according to the position
grep: Searching files for lines that match a certain pattern
group: Print the name of the user group
gzip: Compress or decompress the file name
hash: Considering the entire pathname of a name argument
head: Output the first part of the file
help: Display help for a built-in command
history: history Command
hostname: Print or set system name
id: Print user and group id
if: perform commands conditionally
ifconfig: Configuring a network interface
ifdown: Stop the network interface
ifup: Start a network interface up
import: Capture an X server screen and save the image to a file
install: Copy files and set attributes
join: join lines on a common field
kill: Lay off the running processes
killall: Lay off the process by name
less: Display output one screen at a time
let: Perform arithmetic on shell variables
ln: Creating a relationship between file
local: Creating a variable
locate: Find files
logname: Print login name
logout: Exit a login shell
look: Display lines beginning with a certain string
lpc: printer line Control Program
lpr: Off line print
lprint: Print File / Print File
lprintd: Abort a print job
lprintq: List the print queue
lprm: Remove jobs from the print queue
ls: List information about file
lsof: List open files
make: Rebuilding A group of program
man: Help manual
mkdir: Create a new folder
mkfifo: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mkisofs: Create hybrid filesystem ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS
mknod: Make block or character special files
more: Display output one screen at a time
mount: Mounting the file system
mtools: Manipulate MS-DOS files
mv: Move or rename a file or directory
mmv: Move the masses and rename (file)
netstat: Information Network
nice: Set the priority of a command or job
nl: Number lines and write files
nohup: Run a command immune to hangups
nslookup: Query Internet call server in interactive
open: open the file in the default application
op: Operator Access
passwd: Modify the user password
paste: Merge lines of files
pathchk: Check the file name portability
ping: Test a network connection
pkill: terminate running processes
popd: Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr: Prepare files for printing / print
printcap: printer capability database
printenv: Print environment variables
printf: Format and print data
ps: Process Status
pushd: Save and then change the current directory
pwd: Print working directory
quota: Repulse disk usage and limit
quotacheck: Examining the file system for disk usage
quotactl: Set disk quotas
ram: ram disk device
rcp: Copy files between two machines
read: Reading lines from standard input
readarray: Read from stdin into an array variable
readonly: Mark variables / functions as readonly
reboot: Reboot the system
rename: Rename the file
renice: Change priority of running processes
remsync: Synchronize remote files via email
return: Exit a shell function
rev: Reversing line from a file
rm: Deleting files
rmdir: Remove folder
rsync: Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
screen: Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh
scp: Secure copy (remote file copy)
sdiff: Merge two files interactively
sed: Stream Editor
select: Accept keyboard input
seq: Print numeric sequences
set: Manipulate shell variables and functions
sftp: Secure File Transfer Program
Shift: Shift positional parameters
shopt option is shell
shutdown: Shutdown or restart linux
sleep: Delay / delay for a certain period
slocate: Search files
sort: Sorting a text file
source: Execute commands from a file `. '
split: Split file into fixed-pieces
ssh: Secure Shell client (remote login program)
strace: Trace system calls and signals
su: Substitute user identity
sudo: Execute commands as another user
sum: Print checksum for file
symlink: Make a new name for the file
sync: Synchronize data on disk with memory
tail: Output the last part of files
tar: Tape Archiver
tee: Redirect output to multiple files
test: Evaluation of conditional expressions
time: Measure Program running time
times: user and system time
touch: Change file timestamps
top: List processes running on the system
traceroute: Trace Route to Host
trap: Run a command when a signal is set (Bourne)
tr: Translate, squeeze, and / or delete characters
true: Do nothing, successfully
tsort: Topology sort
tty: Print filename of terminal on stdin
type: describes the command
ulimit: Limit user resources (resources)
umask: The user creates a hidden file
umount: Unmount (not up) devices
unalias: Remove alias
uname: print system information
unexpand: Convert spaces to tabs
Uniq: Uniquify file
unit: Convert units from one scale to another
unset: Remove variable or function names
unshar: Unpack shell archive records
until: Execute commands (until error)
useradd: Create a new user account
usermod: Modify the user account
users: List the users currently logged in
uuencode: Encode a binary file
uudecode: Decode a file created by uuencode
v: verbosely list directory contents (`ls-l-b ')
vdir: verbosely list directory contents (`ls-lb ')
vi: Text Editor
vmstat: Reports virtual memory statistics
watch: Execute / display a program periodically
wc: Print byte, word, and line counting
whereis: Search users $ path, man pages and source files for the program
roomates: Search users $ path to the program file
while: Run the command
WHO: Print all usernames currently logged in
whoami: Print the current user id and name (`id-un ')
wget: Download web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
write: Sending messages to other users
yes: Print a string until at interrupt
# Sudo
SuperUser Do, gain root or administrator access to a normal user without
must log in as the root user
# Ls
See the file contents of the current directory. Dir command on linux alias only in the form of
ls command. For the ls command itself often created alias ls-color, in order to
time ls colors displayed in accordance with the files, usually green
to execute, and so on.
# Ls-al
View the entire contents of the file in the current directory with hidden files, and display screen
per screen.
# Cd directory
Change directory. Using the cd without the name of the directory will deliver your
to the home directory. And cd - will deliver you to the previous directory.
# Cp / source / destination
Copy a file, use cp-r to copy a directory
# Mcopy / source / destination
Copying a file from / to dos filesystem.
Example mcopy a: autoexec.bat ~ / junk. Use the mtools man to command the
type: mdir, mcd, mren, mmove, mdel, mmd, mrd, mformat ....
# Mv / source / destination
Move or rename files
ln-s source destination Creating Links symbolic, an example ln-sf
/ Usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_SVGA / etc/X11/X, create a symbolic link from file XF86_SVGA
to X
# Rm / files
Deleting files
# Mkdir / directory
Creating a new directory
# Rmdir / directory
Remove empty directories
# Rm-r / files
(Recursive remove) Remove files, directories and subdirectories. Caution
use this command if you are logged in as root, because root
can easily delete all files on the system with the above command, not
there is a command to undelete in Linux
# More filename
To view the contents of a file, with the addition of more orders, then the contents of the file
display screen by screen.
# Less filename
Viewing a file screen by screen, and press the "q" if you want to get out,
# Pico filename
Edit a text file.
# Pico-w filename
Edit a text file, to disable the word wrap function, very useful for
editing files like / etc / fstab.
# Lynx file.html
Looking at the html file or browse the net with text mode, where picture / image is not
can be displayed, but the lynx is a very fast browser, so
useful if you just want an article without image.
# Tar-zxvf filename.tar.gz
Untar a tar file once uncompress the file (*. Tar.gz or
*. Tgz), who wants to put the directory add option-C directory,
example tar-zxvf filename.tar.gz-C / opt (put the file in the directory / opt
# Tar-xvf filename.tar
Untar a tar file is not compressed (*. Tar).
# Gunzip filename.gz
Uncompress a zip file (*. Gz "or *. Z). using gzip (also zip
or compress) if you want to compress the file.
# Bunzip2 filename.bz2
Uncompress the file with format (*. Bz2) with the utility "bzip2", used in the
large file.
# Unzip filename.zip
Uncompress the file with format (*. Zipped) with the utility "unzip" compatible
with pkzip for DOS.
# Find /-name "filename"
Looking for "filename" on your computer starting with the /. Filename
it may contain wildcards (*,?).
# Locate filename
Search for files with the string "filename". It's easy and fast from the command
above.
# Talk username1
Talk to the keyboard with another user who is logged on our machines (or
use the talk username1 @ machinename to talk to other computers).
To receive an invitation conversation, talk USERNAME2 type. If someone
trying to talk to you and it disrupts, you can
using the command mesg n to reject the message. And use
who or rwho command to see who is disturbing the user.
# Mc
Running "Commander Morton" ... uh ... one meant "Midnight
Commander "as file manager, fast and good.
# Telnet server
To connect your computer to another computer using the
TELNET protocol. Use the machine name or IP number machine, and you will
get a login prompt from the machine name, enter the password, oh
ya .. You also must have an account on the remote machine. Telnet will
connect you with other computers and allow you to
operate the machine. Telnet is not secure, all that you type
be "open text", also with your password! Use ssh instead of telnet
to access the machine remotely.
# Ssh user @ ipaddress
(Secure Shell) access to another machine,
# Rlogin user @ ipaddress
(Remote login) Connect the other kekomputer. Loginname and password,
but if your account has been used, then you will get
error message in your password. Very unsafe as well, use ssh
instead.
# Rsh user @ ipaddress
(Remote shell) Yet another way to connect to a remote machine. If
login name / password on the remote machine being used they will be, then the password
you will not be applicable. Ditto with rlogin, substitute with ssh.
# Ftp user @ ipaddress
Ftp to another machine, it is very useful for copying files to / from a remote machine. Also
not safe, use scp from ssh family instead.
# Scp / source / destination
(Secure copy) to copy files to or from another machine, scp example
user @ ipaddress :/ source / destination
Minicom Minicom program (can be said as "Procomm / Hyperterminal for
Linux ").
#. / Program_name
Run the program in the current directory, which is not found in PATH
you
# Xinit
Running X-windows server (without a windows manager).
# Startx
Running X-windows server and load the default window manager. Just as
command "win" under DOS with Win3.1
# Startx -: 1
Running X-windows session on the display next 1 (default use
display 0). You can run a lot of GUI terminals simultaneously, for
moved between use GUI,, etc, but it will take more memory.
# Xterm
(In X terminal), run X-windows terminal. To exit type exit
# Xboing
(In X terminal). Deh .... very funny, like the old games-games .....
gimp (in X terminal) program is a very good image editor, can be equated
with Adobe Photoshop, the difference is this program free of charge.
# Netscape
(In X terminal) running Netscape, version at the time of this writing has
reaches version 4.7
netscape-display host: 0.0 (in X terminal) on a machine running netscape
active and display its output on the machine named host display 0
screen 0. You must grant access to the machine to display active
on the host machine with the command xhost
# Shutdown-h now
(As root) Shut down the system. Generally used for remote shutdown.
Use it to shutdown at the console (can be run by the user).
# Halt
reboot (as root) Halt or reboot the machine. More simple than the one above.
# Man topic
Displays a list of system manual pages (help) In accordance with the topic. Try man
man. then press q to exit the viewer. Manual command info topic pages can
read dilhat any_command-help way.
# Apropos topic
Displays help manual based on the topic ..
# Pwd
Looking at the current working directory
# Hostname
Displays the name of the local host (the machine on which you're working). Use
netconf command (as root) to change the hostname of the machine, or
edit the file / etc / hosts
# Whoami
Print your login name
# Id username
Print user id (uid) or group id (gid)
# Date
Print or change the date and time on the computer, for example to change
date and time to 2000-12-31 23:57 with the command: date 123123572000
# Time
Looking at the amount of time that a process handled to completion + other info.
Do not be confused with the date command
Looking at the user who is logged on our computer.
# Rwho-a
See all users logged on your network. Service rwho command must
enabled, run setup as root to activate it.
# Finger username
Viewing user information, try running; finger root
# Last
See the previous user has logged on the computer.
# Uptime
Looking at the amount of time the use of computers by one, starting the process of rebooting
last.
# Ps
(= Print status) Looking at the processes run by the user
# Ps aux
Looking at the entire process being run, even without terminal
# Uname-a
Information system kernel
# Free
Information memory (in kilobytes).
# Df-h
(= Disk free) Viewing disk usage information on the whole system (in humanreadable
form)
# Du /-bh
(= Disk usage) View detailed disk usage for each directory, starting
of the root (in human legible form).
# Cat / proc / cpuinfo
Cpu info. See the file in / proc directory is not a real file (not real
files).
# Cat / proc / interrupts
Seeing interrupt address is used.
# Cat / proc / version
See the version of Linux and other information.
# Cat / proc / filesystems
Looking at the filesystem used.
# Cat / etc / printcap
See printers that have been set up
# Lsmod (as root)
Looking at the kernel modules that have been loaded.
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